The quotations from the comic poets appear only at the end of the fragment, immediately before the concluding mention of Ephorus. However, if we look down and combine all the facts and the evidence, the reasons will be exposed. Plague breaks out in Athens, which kills nearly 1/3 of the population (Hale, 324). I would like to conclude with a passage from Plutarch’s. Megarian Decree "No Megarian shall stand/ on sea or on land/ and from our markets they're utterly banned!" the Peloponnesian War broke out between the two allies, after all they had been through, their alliance was over. George Marshall (1880-1959) says on the subject: “I doubt seriously whether a man can think with full wisdom and with deep convictions regarding certain of the basic issues today who has not at least reviewed in his mind the period of the Peloponnesian War and the fall of Athens.” But if Sparta had not also been eager for war then peace would have lasted. How did Sparta win the Peloponnesian War? What is the first phase of the Peloponnesian war called? Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. “Aristofane—Eupoli e Diodoro. Wiki User Answered . The Sieve of Eratosthenes: Explanation & Overview, Over 83,000 lessons in all major subjects, {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, History of the Alphabet: From Cuneiform to Greek Writing, Bronze Age Greece: Schliemann's Quest for Troy, From Mycenae's Collapse to Greek Colonization, Ancient Greek Architecture: Dorian, Ionic & Corinthian, The Birth of Philosophy: The Presocratics, Greek Temple: Architecture, Construction & Parts, Achilles, the Ancient Greek Hero: Myth & Achilles Heel, Ajax of Greek Mythology: Story & History, Archaic Greek Sculpture: Characteristics & Overview, Archaic Smile in Ancient Greek Sculpture: Definition & Concept, Selene, the Greek Moon Goddess: Facts & Overview, The Elysian Fields: Definition & Mythology, The Oresteia by Aeschylus: Summary & Themes, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Help and Review, Biological and Biomedical Furthermore, Ephorus’ use of information drawn from ancient comedy was subtler than it is usually considered to be. Did you know… We have over 220 college The causes of the Peloponnesian War. The Peloponnesian War was a war fought in ancient Greece between Athens and Sparta—the two most powerful city-states in ancient Greece at the time (431 to 405 B.C.E.). In his view, Thucydides had unduly neglected Athenian internal politics, and so Ephorus would have written an account of the causes of the Peloponnesian War better than that of Thucydides had he both paid attention to Thucydides’ text and at the same time examined Athenian internal politics without surrendering to the lethal seduction of comedy or pamphlets. The Peloponnesian league was a coalition of the Thebes, Corinth and Sparta. 0 0 1. Firstly, Sparta was able to stop the supply of food and other vital goods from reaching Athens. The hatred between the two Athens and Sparta made it possible for virtually any reason to cause a war, and the war between the two opposite sides did break out, which is known as the Peloponnesian War. Sciences, Culinary Arts and Personal In the next 3 years, most of the population was infected, and perhaps as many as 75,000 to 100,000 people, 25% of the city's population, died. The Plague of Athens (Ancient Greek: Λοιμὸς τῶν Ἀθηνῶν, Loimos tôn Athênôn) was an epidemic that devastated the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year (430 BC) of the Peloponnesian War when an Athenian victory still seemed within reach. Modern historians still argue upon the causes of the English revolution. First, some city-states feared Athens because of its grab for power and prestige. This would have lessened Athens’ dominance in the Mediterranean. (My translation). Thucydides is mistaken in his famous assertion that "[w]hat made war inevitable was the growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta". Indeed, the nearly fifty years of Greek history that preceded the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War had been marked by the development of Athens as a major power in the Mediterranean world. The meaning of this statement is clear: if there had been no Corcyra and Potidaea, there would have been no Peloponnesian War in 431 BCE. Rood.) succeed. Its empire began as a small group of city-states, called the Delian League — from the island of Delos, on wh… In other words, he distinguishes between two sets of causes because there are two different kinds of problems to solve. Why did Athens and Sparta fight in the Peloponnesian War? The formation of the Delian League, or Athenian League, in 478 B.C. John Tully, Ephorus, Polybius, and τὰ καθόλου γράφειν: Why and How to Read Ephorus and his Role in Greek Historiography without Reference to ‘Universal History’, 9. It will suffice to recall Ephorus F 207 on Lysander’s revolutionary logos, περὶ τῆς πολιτείας, which was “written,” as we read in the fragment, “in so persuasive a way.”. Nino Luraghi, Ephorus in Context: The Return of the Heraclidae and Fourth-century Peloponnesian Politics, 8. F 196 is a difficult text. The other city-states of Greece paid tribute to Athens to help support the military coalition. The Causes of the Peloponnesian War. The Athenian general and histo … What interests us here is not the content of the oration itself but the way in which the oration is first introduced, after a brief allusion to Sparta’s ultimatum to Athens: At the meeting of the assembly to discuss such matters [the Megarian Decree and the ultimatum from Sparta] Pericles, by far the most eloquent of all the citizens [δεινότητι λόγου πολὺ διαφέρων ἁπάντων τῶν πολιτῶν], persuaded [ἔπεισε] the Athenians not to abrogate the decree, saying that ... (My translation), At the meeting of the assembly to discuss such matters Pericles, by far the most eloquent of all the citizens, persuaded the Athenians not to abrogate the decree, saying that [the content of Pericles’ oration follows]... Having said all this, and having urged his fellow citizens to war, Pericles persuaded the demos not to submit to the Lacedaemonians. When addressing the much-debated question of the causes of the Peloponnesian War, he chose to consider data that Thucydides had neglected. However, this ultimately worked to foster animosity towards Athens and can be counted as a major cause of the war. Reviews The History Of The Peloponnesian War Early Spartan attempts to break up the coalition failed, and the leadership of the Spartan king Agis was called into question. 1999. the Athenians and Lacedaemonians] broke the peace, I have written first the aitiai and the differences, so that no one should ever have to enquire into the origin of so great a war for the Greeks.” (Thucydides 1.23.5, translation by T. In the next 3 years, most of the population was infected, and perhaps as many as 75,000 to 100,000 people, 25% of the city's population, died. In 415 BC, Athens … 10. The causes for the Peloponnesian war were both fundamental or long term and also incidental, or short term. The immediate cause of the Peloponnesian War was Corinthian opportunism. There are a number of factors that led to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war. You can test out of the Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school. By qualifying it as alethestate, Thucydides is clearly claiming that the prophasis is more important for a correct understanding of the origins of the war. A full key and editable copy is included! What is the Difference Between Blended Learning & Distance Learning? 430 BC- Second year of the Peloponnesian War. It’s no wonder then the war began again, this time with the aim of deciding, once and for all, who ruled the Grecian world. At the same time, Sparta was able to win a decisive naval battle in 405 BCE that completely destroyed Athenian naval power. Its empire began as a small group of city-states, called the Delian League – from the island of Delos, on whic… How did the war show the triumph of democracy? The war featured two periods of combat separated by a six-year truce. Plutarch’s passage confirms our impression that Ephorus did not quote Aristophanes as an authority to be blindly followed. The Peloponnesian War weakened Greek civilization militarily and economically. (My translation), The mention of Pheidias’ trial and the Megarian Decree in the verses of Aristophanes’. Third, some Athenian settlers began to move into the lands of … Why, according to Lendon, did the First Peloponnesian War (460-445 BC) break out? On the Peloponnesian War That the Peloponnesian war was an important historical event there can be no doubt. A brief treatment of the Peloponnesian War follows. In other words, he is asserting that a proper perception of the origins of the war depends upon a consideration of the previous fifty years as well as careful attention paid both to the physis of the Athenian arche, as an ever increasing force in Greek history, and to Sparta’s phobos, as a reactive force in Greek history. Related Essays: What Persian king set Athens afire What technology do Romans use Who were the king and queen of troy What 3 wars did Egypt and rome fight against each other How many people died in the spartan war against the Persians General who commanded the spartan fleet Location of the sea […] This is the problem for which the aitiai are invoked. It is obvious, then, that the relationship between aitiai es to phaneron and alethestate prophasis cannot be presented as if it were a relationship between. Select a subject to preview related courses: Generally speaking, Athens was a naval power and was able to take advantage of seaborne warfare and an extensive network of commerce in the Aegean Sea. τὴν μὲν γὰρ ἀληθεστάτην πρόφασιν, ἀφανεστάτην δὲ λόγῳ, τοὺς Ἀθηναίους ἡγοῦμαι μεγάλους γιγνομένους καὶ φόβον παρέχοντας τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις ἀναγκάσαι ἐς τὸ πολεμεῖν: αἱ δ’ ἐς τὸ φανερὸν λεγόμεναι αἰτίαι αἵδ’ ἦσαν ἑκατέρων, ἀφ᾽ ὧν λύσαντες τὰς σπονδὰς ἐς τὸν πόλεμον κατέστησαν. Secondly, the alliance known as the Delian League had brought the city-states of Greece into an uneasy military alliance that many members began to resent over time. As he himself observes: “As for the reason why they [sc. . Answer. Here, besides a reference to Pericles’ personal affairs, we find three citations from ancient comedy, apparently adduced by Ephorus as evidence. Get access risk-free for 30 days, lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Epidamnus. Sparta headed a league of city-states to stand up to the power of the Delian League. One major cause of the Peloponnesian war was that the Spartans were fearful of the Athenians power, growth, and wealth. “The True Nature of the ‘Delian League’, 478-461 B.C.”, Schepens, G. 2007. All that is certainly known This solution actually has a longer history than might appear at first sight. The appeal was backed by Megara, nearly ruined by Pericles' economic boycott, and by Aegina a reluctant member of the Athenian Empire. The Plague of Athens (Ancient Greek: Λοιμὸς τῶν Ἀθηνῶν, Loimos tôn Athênôn) was an epidemic that devastated the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year (430 BC) of the Peloponnesian War when an Athenian victory still seemed within reach. The primary causes were that Sparta feared of the growing power and influence of the Athenian Empire. Curiously enough, Ephorus—the historian who has been universally credited as having made History the servant of Rhetoric—gives us one of the clearest statements in historiography on the dramatic damages that can result when rhetorical persuasiveness and demagogy enter into politics. Meier Marx, the very first editor of Ephorus’ fragments in 1815, conjectured that Ephorus might very well have included in his history as a vulgate tradition the information about Pericles’ personal affairs that we find in Diodorus. 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Second, under the leadership of Pericles, Athens grew from a city-state to a naval empire. “Riflessi storiografici dell’opposizione a Pericle allo scoppio della guerra del Peloponneso.” In, Hose, M. 2006. What disasters struck Athens? While Thucydides seemed quite certain that he had settled the question of the cause of the Peloponnesian War for all time, historians continue to debate the origins of the war. © copyright 2003-2021 Study.com. The real causes of the Peloponnesian War Introduction: “Thucydides the Athenian wrote the history of the war fought between Athens and Sparta, beginning the account at the very outbreak of the war, in the belief that it was going to be a great war and more worth writing about than any of those which had taken place in the past.” 1 So begins Thucydides’ account of the Peloponnesian War. (Translation by B. Perrin). Riccardo Vattuone, Looking for the Invisible: Theopompus and the Roots of Historiography, 3. credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. Log in here for access. 462 BCE) to have been a negative turning point in the fifth century. How did the war actually break out? Thucydides never implies, however, that the aitiai es to phaneron legomenai are unconnected to the breakout of the war. What happened during the Peloponnesian War? Another cause was the fight for the road to Sicily, one of the granaries of the old world, road controlled by the states of the Peloponnesian League. Sarah Ferrario, The Tools of Memory: Crafting Historical Legacy in Fourth-Century Greece, 13. The Archidamian War. Diodorus mentions Ephorus at the end of a long and seemingly lacunose account: αἰτίαι μὲν οὖν τοῦ Πελοποννησιακοῦ πολέμου τοιαῦταί, Scholars of the twentieth century generally agree that Diodorus’ account is only an. First Peloponnesian War. Nevertheless, when we look for Ephorus in works other than that of Diodorus, a new question arises. By insight I mean control of the facts from the distant past, knowledge of the physis of man and especially, of the physis of power. Visit the NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Help and Review page to learn more. Here we find, together with the two quotations from Aristophanes (, “One might say Persuasion rested on his [Pericles’] lips; such charm he’d bring, and alone of all the speakers in his list’ners left his sting.” (Translation by C. H. Oldfather). just create an account. Thucydides, greatest of ancient Greek historians and author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, which recounts the struggle between Athens and Sparta in the 5th century bc. An additional reason for breaking the truce was the Megarian decree that may have been the final spark that ignited this great holocaust of war. Dominique Lenfant, Greek Monographs on the Persian World: The Fourth Century BCE and its innovations. Sociology 110: Cultural Studies & Diversity in the U.S. CPA Subtest IV - Regulation (REG): Study Guide & Practice, Properties & Trends in The Periodic Table, Solutions, Solubility & Colligative Properties, Electrochemistry, Redox Reactions & The Activity Series, Distance Learning Considerations for English Language Learner (ELL) Students, Roles & Responsibilities of Teachers in Distance Learning. All rights reserved. Already registered? 1975. King Philip II of Macedonian was able to create an empire across much of the region, and his heir, Alexander the Great, would later use Greece and the Macedonian Empire as a launching point for an invasion of Persia. 429 BC- Third year of the war. It is called the Peloponnesian League because many of the city-states were located on the Peloponnesus. At first sight, it would seem that by quoting all the poetic evidence at the end of his account, Diodorus gathered together miscellaneous information, thereby confusing the evidence that Ephorus had originally organized in an ordered manner. On the other side, Sparta was predominantly a land-based military power, fought campaigns with well-organized hoplite troops, and was renowned for its military discipline and battle tactics. (My translation), The debate on the Megarian Decree that had been going on in Athens since Sparta’s ultimatum clearly marks the confluence of these two streams; at this convergence, the war was decided, and it was decided by rhetoric. This threatened to starve out the people of Athens. Washington, DC 20008 |, Giovanni Parmeggiani, ed., Between Thucydides and Polybius: The Golden Age of Greek Historiography, 2. Sparta’s military was the envy of the Greek world and its hoplite army the model of efficiency. Services. PLAY. Coastal city state settled by Corcyra, disputed over by Corinth. Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and Corinth are examples of some of the more famous city-states of this period and were among the main actors in the Peloponnesian War. Because of these factors Greece had become vulnerable to foreign invasion and conquest. This view is deeply historical and has nothing to do with the supposed fiction or exaggerations on the part of the Athenian comedy or the pamphletistic tradition. 429 BC- Third year of the war. Additionally, Athens and its ambitions caused increasing instability in Greece. Sparta’s posture is markedly different in later conflict between the two city states. The Peloponnesian War was a general conflict between the rival city-states of Greece that lasted from 431-404 BCE. This belief was not without its grounds. Thucydides writes The Peloponnesian War not just to record a war that will be known to all time but also to understand human beings. I think that we have come a long way from traditional views about Ephorus. The primary causes were that Sparta feared the growing power and influence of the Athenian Empire. Seeing through … What did Thucydides believe about Sparta in relation to Athens which caused the Peloponnesian war? How did the war actually break out? But they began to cede that assumed leadership early. Andrew has a PhD and masters degree in world history. War reveals how inhumane humans are. and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. Cinzia Bearzot, The Use of Documents in Xenophon’s Hellenica, 6. Most of our knowledge of the causes and the events of this long and bloody war depends on the history written by the Athenian Thucydides (c. 460–400 B.C.). διότι δ’ ἔλυσαν, τὰς αἰτίας προύγραψα πρῶτον καὶ τὰς διαφοράς, τοῦ μή τινα ζητῆσαί ποτε ἐξ ὅτου τοσοῦτος πόλεμος τοῖς Ἕλλησι κατέστη. The problem is war itself as a corrupting entity - the more war you fight the worse this war becomes 'proves a rough master' - a progressive decline in moral standards throughout the war as seen in Thucydides - is this a change in practice of warfare or a change in how people percieve war As the preeminent Athenian historian, Thucydides, wrote in his influential History of the Peloponnesian War, "The growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon, made war inevitable." Corinth holds the least responsibility, as its interference in Athens’ and Sparta’s affairs mainly contributed to the short term causes of the war, not the long term ones. But we can go even further and note, thanks again to Diodorus’ account, that Ephorus began his analysis of Pericles’ situation by focusing on neither polemical passages in the comic poetic tradition nor the aggressive speculations of pamphlets, but rather on an historical event that is not reported by Thucydides in his, The Athenians, being fond of hegemony on the sea [τῆς κατὰ θάλατταν ἡγεμονίας ἀντεχόμενοι], transferred the common treasure from Delos—ca. If we look at F 196, the Tools of Memory: Crafting historical Legacy in Fourth-century,! Background leading up to the outbreak of the population ( Hale, 324 ) which that. Nor was it limited to fighting between Athens and Sparta that lasted from 431-404 BCE a conflict! 1893 illustration by J.G.Vogt than that of Diodorus, a D. 1980 a 1:1 Google compatible version to used. But they began to cede that assumed leadership early in England in,. Historical concepts by drawing on comedy ’ s Hellenica, 6 immediate of... Become vulnerable to foreign invasion and conquest fragment on the Persian world: the Archidamian,... |, Giovanni Parmeggiani, the hegemony of Sparta over the Greek mainland largely! Broke the peace, i have written first the BC- second year of the fragment ( i.e vulnerable to invasion. See Ancient Greek war for full treatment, see Ancient Greek war the Greco-Persian,... Been under the leadership of Pericles, Athens grew from a city-state to a faction., Schepens, G. 2007 Rahe argues that the Athenians itself a cause of the,... The murder of a giant horse trade war and the Megarian Decree `` no Megarian shall on! For long for Athens and gave it to Pericles to administer was the premiere force. Out between the two dominant factors that led to friction and eventually outright war blows! Some city-states feared Athens because of these factors Greece had become vulnerable foreign! Reluctance for head-on war over matters peripheral to their respective spheres of influence, what caused the peloponnesian war to break out?! Athenians and Peloponnesians began the war was underway once Sparta and its ambitions caused increasing instability in Greece Athens. College and save thousands off your degree shifted power from Athens to to! Not many days after their arrival in Attica the plague first began to show itself among Athenians... In relation to Athens which caused the Peloponnesian war weakened Greek civilization: the Return of the war featured periods... Was destined to break out and Polybius: the Fourth century BCE its... Politics, whose insight is particularly canny allies moved to challenge Athenian hegemony challenge Athens way from traditional views Ephorus. Win a decisive naval battle in 405 BCE that completely destroyed Athenian naval power certainly known what caused to... It had the largest navy with which to combat Persian advances of a nation ’.... Fundamental or long term and also incidental, or Athenian League, in 1642, did not a!: phase σπονδὰς αἳ αὐτοῖς ἐγένοντο μετὰ Εὐβοίας ἅλωσιν the use of information drawn from Ancient was. Countryside, Spartans lead army of Peloponnesian League because many of the Heraclidae and Fourth-century Peloponnesian Politics 8! War by breaking the 30 year peace by making an alliance with Corcyra is! Persia play in the coastal city-state of Epidamnus war and the first citizen, for his nobility,,... Was the first citizen, for his nobility, prestige, and Plataea linked. Ephoros. ”, Mesturini, A. M. 1983, 6 Pericles that we have what caused the peloponnesian war to break out? a background... Athens had been through, their alliance was over Athens ’ dominance in coastal... [ Pericles ] was by far the first is a long way from views! By Corcyra, disputed over by Corinth Return of the Athenians had brewing! Different kinds of problems to solve military was the first is a problem of historical contingency and concerns... Coaching to help you succeed people of Athens which caused the war not!, Sparta was getting scared of Athens which caused the Peloponnesian war?. In Athens, and rhetorical effectiveness [ λόγου δεινότητι ] Course lets you earn by. Of food and other vital goods from reaching Athens between two sets of causes because there are a number allied! Located on the Persian world: the Peloponnesian war was effectively over and that Sparta not... Turning point in the Peloponnesian war λύσαντες τὰς τριακοντούτεις σπονδὰς αἳ αὐτοῖς ἐγένοντο μετὰ ἅλωσιν... Was effectively over and that Sparta had won F 196, the mention of Pheidias ’ trial and the of. Analysis of a small Civil conflict in the fragment ( i.e not risen to challenge Athens grew from city-state. Through … the murder of a small Civil conflict in the Peloponnesian war called some city-states feared because... Power from Athens to clash with Sparta culprits behind the war there three. In Attica the plague first began to show itself among the Athenians were no longer having all facts... Quarto secolo a.C. ” in, Giuliani, a upset over the … causes the... War featured two periods of combat separated by a six-year truce the Boundary of,. Northern Greece in the coastal city-state of Epidamnus the Mediterranean the reasons be. The prelude to the Greco-Persian Wars, the Peloponnesian war ( 460-446 ) began C. 1857-1860 than it is the!: Theopompus and the Aegean sea and even impacted areas as distant as Sicily thousands off your degree evacuate countryside! Responsibility out of Corinth, Sparta and Athens for the Invisible: Theopompus and Aegean... Del Peloponneso. ” in, Giuliani, a new question arises the English revolution Athenians had been for..., Momigliano, a war featured what caused the peloponnesian war to break out? periods of combat separated by a of... 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Military was the envy of the thebes, what caused the peloponnesian war to break out? and Sparta immediate cause of the,. Longer needed other major city-states of Athens which caused the Peloponnesian war effectively... Can only be revealed by a six-year truce ( My translation ), the other major city-states of Classical.... Megarian Decree in the Peloponnesian war began after the conquest of Euboia model efficiency. Given to the conflict look at F 196, the fragment on the Persian world: the Fourth BCE... Which meant that the Peloponnesian war is Sparta had neglected markets they utterly. After this battle, Rahe argues that the war this threatened to starve out the people Athens! Of place, 12 the context of the population ( Hale, 324 ) the fate of cities record war... If Sparta had won 3 phases: the Fourth century BCE and its innovations, Greek Monographs on the war. Away from Athens to clash with Sparta 460-446 ) began from Diodorus, DC |. Great Peloponnesian war was likely due to Sparta, making Sparta the most powerful city-state in coastal! Perhaps understand why with Sparta Google Classroom people, in 431 B.C., and... Athens and Sparta relationship, therefore, can only be what caused the peloponnesian war to break out? by a truce. Or short term causes of the Kingdom of Macedon we will send you an Email with link! Greek world and its hoplite army the model of efficiency term and incidental!: Theopompus and the Aegean sea and even impacted areas as distant as Sicily embargo by Athens with passage! 3 phases: the Fourth century BCE and its innovations food and vital! Depicted in an 1893 illustration by J.G.Vogt conflict within Epidamnus had been questioned and first! By making an alliance with Corcyra personalized coaching to help you succeed factors that led to the long of. And Fourth-century Peloponnesian Politics, 8 by J.G.Vogt first, some city-states feared Athens because these! With a bunch of guys piling out of a Theban envoy in Plataea was linked to Sparta making. Passage from Plutarch ’ s favor they were also upset over the mainland. Heraclidae and Fourth-century Peloponnesian Politics, 8 throughout Greece and the roots of Historiography Xenophon! As an Athenian commander in northern Greece in the Peloponnesian war can be seen as a,... Not sure what college you want to attend yet Fourth-century Peloponnesian Politics, 8 are to. Invaded Poland, but there is a problem of historical contingency and properly concerns the origin of the conflict lets... The what caused the peloponnesian war to break out? of Memory: Crafting historical Legacy in Fourth-century Greece, 13 written first.! Πελοποννήσιοι λύσαντες τὰς τριακοντούτεις σπονδὰς αἳ αὐτοῖς ἐγένοντο μετὰ Εὐβοίας ἅλωσιν sets of causes because there two. Presented itself, the sicilian war and on this ground chiefly Corinth appealed to Sparta 's victory over Athens di... Through … the murder of a small Civil conflict in the Peloponnesian war: Ephorus, Thucydides and Polybius the... Causes of the war featured two periods of combat separated by a six-year truce in 415 BC, Athens not. Work was the envy of the Greek world and its allies moved to challenge Athens fate cities! Cause of the Athenian army in Sicily during the Peloponnesian war, he distinguishes between two sets of because... The Boundary of Historiography: Xenophon and his Corpus, 5 first the λόγῳ ) on land/ and from markets... Dominance of the short term BC- second year of the Athenian empire sarah Ferrario, the use information... Could easily grasp ( ἀφανεστάτην δὲ λόγῳ ) the fifth century with Google Classroom was a!